Chain-of-Custody
This entry is a placeholder. I am currently cataloguing both the fake citations that are shown in real cases and the citation graph of real AI hallucination cases. The canonical write-up is still in progress and is currently incomplete, with stub articles generated from the data in the Interactive Map of AI Hallucination Sanctions Cases. Please don't treat it as final or authoritative yet.
Definition​
Why it matters​
Worked examples​
After the Latham & Watkins team identified the source as potential additional support for Ms. Chen's testimony, I asked Claude.ai to provide a properly formatted legal citation for that source using the link to the correct article. Unfortunately, although providing the correct publication title, publication year, and link to the provided source, the returned citation included an inaccurate title and incorrect authors. Our manual citation check did not catch that error. Our citation check also missed additional wording errors introduced in the citations during the formatting process using Claude.ai. These wording errors are: (1) that the correct title of the source in footnote 2 of Ms. Chen's declaration is Computing Necessary Sample Size, not, as listed in footnote 2, Sample Size Estimation, and (2) the author/preparer of the third source cited in footnote 3 is "Windward Environmental LLC", not "Lower Windward Environmental LLC." Again, we apologize for these citation errors.
— Declaration of Ivana Dukanovic, Concord Music Group, Inc. v. Anthropic PBC (N.D. Cal. 2025)
Cases with examples of this failure mode​
- Concord v. Anthropic (N.D. Cal., 2025) — 1 instance